Ethereum Classic is a Proof-of-Work (PoW) network whose governance token is ETC. It uses the same consensus mechanism as Bitcoin. However, ETC adds to the base technology to store and execute smart contracts.
The ETC network was initially released more than 10 years ago, on the 30th of July 2015, and remains the unaltered ledger of the mainline Ethereum blockchain. Its founders were Vitalik Buterin and Gavin Wood, who wrote the open-source software in the C++, Go, Python, Rust, and Scala languages.
Following the hack incident that resulted in the theft of $50 million worth of Ether, the Ethereum blockchain separated from its mainline.
After the incident, the DAO split the network into two, where the altered history was named Ethereum [ETH] and the unaltered was referred to as Ethereum Classic [ETC].
ETC remains the largest PoW network with smart contract functionality. Arvicco, Dr. Avtar Sehra, and Igor Artamonov coordinated the early development as the founding team.
For instance, in October 2016, Avtar proposed one of the first major Ethereum Classic Improvement Proposals (ECIP), called ECIP-1011, to prevent replay attacks between ETH and ETC.
In terms of tokenomics, the maximum supply of ETC is at 210.7 million, which is equal to the total. The circulating supply is 156 million ETC, held by more than 39K users, as per CoinMarketCap data.
Its Total Value Locked (TVL) has been plummeting since a high of $1.34 million in December 2024 and now sits at around $131K, as per DefiLlama. Most of its chain activities have remained low, but the team continues to develop the blockchain to attract more users.
The fork history of ETC has been clear since the start, despite challenges. The first was Frontier in July 2015, followed by Ice Age in September of the same year. In 2016, the community upgraded Homestead and Gas Reprice in March and September to combat spam attacks.
Die Hard, Gotham, Defuse Difficult Bomb, and Atlantis were done between 2017 and 2019. In 2020, the network saw the most upgrades, which included Agharta, Phoenix, Thanos, and Magneto. The latest ones have been Mystique and Spiral in February 2022 and February 2024, respectively.
The developer community typically uses the ECIP process to discuss and vet these upgrades before implementation.
Since the breakaway, the network has faced two major 51% double-spend attacks. The first happened in January 2019, when it lost $1.1 million worth of ETC, while in August 2020, the network lost $5.6 million and $1.68 million held in centralized exchanges.
This situation puts the chain at risk of more attacks, bearing in mind its history since launch. Still, upgrades could settle this problem, as now the chain has survived more than five years without an attack.
The attacks likely contribute to the relative institutional support for ETC. It has appeared in the Grayscale Trust but has yet to see an ETF filing with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
However, it has institutional custody providers, including Coinbase Prime, Fireblocks, Fidelity Digital Assets, Copper’s ClearLoop, Anchorage Digital, and BitGo.